In: Proc. of International Conference “Hardwood
Research and Utilization in
(Sept.
2005),
BENDING STRENGTH
PROPERTIES
OF SOME FINGER-JOINTED OAKWOODS
Vassiliou. V.1, Karastergiou. S. 2 and J. Barboutis1
1:
Aristotle University, School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Section of
Harvesting and Technology of Forest Products, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: vass@for.auth.gr, jbarb@for.auth.gr
2:
Technological Education Institute of Larissa, Karditsa Branch, Department of
Wood & Furniture Design and Technology, E-mail: karaso@teilar.gr
The purpose of this work was to
investigate the utilization of some oakwoods of small dimensions for the
manufacture of finger jointed lumber for the furniture. Particularly, it was
studied the bending strength (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticilty) of
finger jointed across the grain laboratory wood specimens of the species:
turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.), hungarian oak (Quercus conferta Kit.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.). The effects of the following parameters on
bending strength were studied in order to obtain comprehensive results of the
finger jointing process: a) three different finger lengths (4mm, 10mm, and
15mm), b) orientation of the fingers and c) three polyvinyl - acetate based
glue types (D1, D2 and D3) for interior use.
Modulus of rupture (MOR) for all
samples studied ranged from 44.1 N/mm2 to 116.6 N/mm2 in turkey oak, which corresponds to a
level of 32,9% and 87.0%, in relation with the solid wood (134.0 N/mm2).
In hungarian oak samples the MOR ranged from 52.92 N/mm2 to 117.12
N/mm2, which corresponds to a percentage of 40.85% to 90.4% in
relation to the solid wood (129.56 N/mm2), and in holm oak samples
the MOR ranged from 55.9 N/mm2 to 107.4 N/mm2, which
corresponds to a percentage of 39.5% to 75.8%, in relation to that of the control
solid wood (141.6 N/mm2). The lower strength percentages of the holm
oak jointed samples, in relation to the solid wood are attributed mainly to the
higher density of holm oakwood (0.92 g/cm3), which cause inferior
bonding. In all cases, the increase of finger length from 4 mm to 10 mm and 15
mm caused an increase in mean MOR values. The increase was higher in the
samples glued with D1 glue type than in samples glued with D2 and D3 glue
types. The samples glued with the D3 glue type resulted in the highest values
of the mean MOR, the samples glued with the D1 glue type resulted in the lowest
values of the mean MOR and the samples glued with the D2 glue type resulted in
intermediate values of the mean MOR, in all three species. Also, in all cases
the samples with a vertical finger orientation resulted in MOR values slightly
higher than that with an horizontal finger orientation. It was also found that
the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of all the joints studied was not affected by
finger jointing and ranged in the same level values of the control solid wood,
in all three species. Finally, it is concluded that the D3 type of PVAc glue
which resulted in the higher bending strength values should be used for the
manufacture of finger jointed furniture lumber of the studied oakwoods.
Key words: finger joint, bending strength,
hungarian oak, turkey oak, holm oak
INTRODUCTION
Finger jointing is ubiquitous in wood industry. It is used in many structural and non-structural products. Nonstructural finger joints are used if strength is not a primary concern. They are used to join pieces of various lengths end grain to end grain from which natural defects have been removed and to join short lengths of material into lengths long enough to be useful. Non-structural products include furniture, cladding, fencing internal and external joinery (Jokerst 1981). In structural uses finger jointing is finally the major method to end joint lumber for the production of glue-laminated wood (Nestic and Milner 1993, Walker et. al., 1992). The other methods to end joint timber (butt and scarf joints) did not find industrial acceptance (River 1994, Koch 1972).
Any adhesive suitable for bonding wood technically could be used for bonding finger joints. Polyvinyl adhesives (PVAc) are very common in non-structural applications. Polyvinil resin emulsions are thermoplastic, softening if temperature is raised to a particular level and hardening again when cooled. They are prepared by emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate and other monomers in water under controlled conditions. In emulsified form, the PVAc are dispersed in water and have a consistency and nonvolatile content generally comparable to thermosetting resin adhesives. PVAc are marketed as milky –white fluids for use at room temperature in the form supplied by manufacturers. Thermosetting polyvinyl emulsions are modified PVA emulsions and are more resistant to heat and moisture than are ordinary PVAc, and perform well in most nonstructural interior and protected exterior uses (Jokerst 1981, Sellers et al 1988, River 1994).
Limited information is available on end gluing hardwoods in contrast with softwoods, which have been extensively investigated and industrially utilized (Pena 1999). Oak is the most abundant tree species in Greece (746,400 ha) and cover 49 % of the broadleaved Greek forests (about 2.5 million ha). Oakwood is produced from coppice forests in small dimensions and utilized almost exclusively as fuelwood and for charcoal production (Stamou 2001). The amount of the marketable Greek oakwood is more than 24 million m3, which corresponds to a percentage level of 17,48 % of the total marketable amount of the Greek forests.
Hungarian oak (Quercus conferta Kit.) is present in almost all oak forests of the country and mainly in the mount of Pindos. The marketable amount of the Greek hungarian oak is about 7.67 million m3, which corresponds to a percentage level of 5.56 % of the total marketable amount of the greek forests. Correspondigly, the percentage levels of turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) and holm oak (Quercus cerris L.) are 1.19 and 0.6 % (Ministry of Agriculture 1992).
Pena (1999) studied the suitability of producing non-structural finger joints made from European Oak (Quercus petraea L.). He examined the effect of the geometry of finger joint on bending strength, using two different finger lengths (9 and 12mm), and concluded that modulus of elasticity of the jointed specimens did not differ significantly from the unjointed ones. On the contrary, the jointed specimens presented lower values of modulus of rupture than the solid wood (43 %). Hwang and Hsiung (2001) examined the properties of finger jointed and laminated compressed wood. From the results it is showed that finger jointed oak specimens showed lower values of MOR (up 73.9 %) and higher values of MOE (up to 118.72 %) compared to the solid wood.
The objective of this study was to investigate the bending strength properties of the species hungarian oak, turkey oak and holm oak, with respect to the PVAc gluing (D1, D2 and D3 durability classes), finger length (4, 10 and 15 mm) and finger orientation (vertical, horizontal).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments were carried out with
small dimensions oak wood lumber with dimensions 50 x 30 x 400 mm of the
following species: turkey oak (Quercus
cerris L.), hungarian oak (Quercus conferta Kit.), and holm oak (Quercus
ilex L.). Natural defects (knots,
etc) were removed according to EN 385:2001. The material was placed in a
conditioning room at 20o C and 65% relative humidity and allowed to
reach a nominal equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of 12%. Three finger joints
were performed by profiling cutterheads with the following characteristics: a)
4 mm length, 0.4 mm tip, 1.6 mm pitch and 12.0o angle, b) 10 mm length, 0.16 mm tip, 3.8 mm pitch
and 11.0o angle, and c) 15 mm length, 0.11 mm tip, 3.8 mm pitch and
7.5o angle.
Following finger jointing, the
blocks were glued in keeping with the technical recommendations provided by the
adhesive manufacturers. Three types of Polyvinyl - acetate (PVAc) based glues
(D1, D2, and D3) for interior use, were used. A one-face glue application by
brush was used. The assembled joints were pressed manually with a constant end
pressure for 60 sec. The jointed pieces were then cut to final dimensions 20 x
20 x 360 mm to produce bending strength samples (Picture 1). Modulus of Rupture
(MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were measured according to ISO 10983:1999
and DIN 52186:1978 standards with a Shimatzu testing machine. For each finger
length the influence of the finger orientation (horizontal and vertical) with
regard to the direction of the load was also examined (Figure 1). For every
parameter 15 specimens were tested according to EN 385:2001. After each bending
test two samples were cut from each side of the failed joint and moisture
content (MC) and density were determined.
Picture 1.
Specimens of the finger jointed oakwoods.
Figure
1.
Finger orientation and loading direction in specimens.
The mean density of the hungarian oakwood specimens was 0.796 g/cm3 (std 0.0466) and the mean moisture content 10.1 % (std 0.62), the corresponding mean density of the turkey oakwood specimens was 0.778 g/cm3 (std 0.0353) and the mean moisture content 9.70 % (std 0.31), and the mean density of the holm oakwood specimens was 0.916 g/cm3 (std 0.0276) and the mean moisture content 9.76 % (std 0.28).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data of bending strength properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) of all the materials tested are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Bending strength
properties of the materials tested.
Finger joint orientation |
Bending Strength (N/mm2) |
|||||||||
Solid wood |
Finger length (mm) |
|||||||||
4 |
10 |
15 |
||||||||
PVAc Category |
PVAc Category |
PVAc Category |
||||||||
D1 |
D2 |
D3 |
D1 |
D2 |
D3 |
D1 |
D2 |
D3 |
||
Hungarian oak (Quercus conferta Kit.) |
||||||||||
Horizontal Fingers |
||||||||||
MOR |
129.5 (19.8) |
57.6* (4.4) |
73.9 (4.9) |
89.4 (6.3) |
66.3 (5.9) |
91.9 (7.8) |
103.8 (5.0) |
78.5 (8.0) |
103.1 (9.3) |
108.6 (6.9) |
MOE |
13,492 (1,392) |
14,336 (1,962) |
14,644 (1,189) |
13,895 (2,190) |
12,854 (1,811) |
14,281 (1,600) |
15,572 (1,588) |
9,456 (1,298) |
11,725 (1,187) |
13,665 (1,675) |
Vertical Fingers |
||||||||||
MOR |
129.5 (19.8) |
52.9 (2.4) |
70.5 (6.6) |
87.4 (7.5) |
66.2 (6.1) |
88.4 (8.8) |
103.3 (6.1) |
81.1 (5.3) |
109.9 (6.9) |
112.1 (7.3) |
MOE |
13,492 (1,392) |
11,398 (2,026) |
13,751 (2,860) |
13,536 (2,115) |
11,416 (2,011) |
13,691 (1,506) |
14,300 (1,882) |
10,437 (2,057) |
13,363 (1,518) |
13,894 (1,729) |
Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) |
||||||||||
Horizontal Fingers |
||||||||||
MOR |
134.0 (16.1) |
44.1 (5.9) |
68.4 (5.0) |
83.7 (6.8) |
61.1 (9.5) |
83.6 (6.3) |
97.9 (7.2) |
76.5 (6.8) |
97.8 (6.9) |
103.6 (7.3) |
MOE |
12,268 (2,427) |
8,230 (1,171) |
9,829 (1,024) |
9,963 (1,242) |
9,534 (839) |
10,513 (1,013) |
10,963 (1,047) |
11,464 (1,040) |
10,559 (1,085) |
10,741 (1,206) |
Vertical Fingers |
||||||||||
MOR |
134.0 (16.1) |
49.5 (5.0) |
67.7 (7.9) |
82.5 (7.1) |
68.6 (9.2) |
85.6 (6.1) |
98.2 (8.4) |
76.2 (9.1) |
97.2 (7.7) |
103.4 (7.1) |
MOE |
12,268 (2,427) |
10,521 (1,036) |
10,626 (942) |
10,243 (1,426) |
10,239 (858) |
10,749 (978) |
10,876 (1,560) |
10,709 (1,655) |
11,078 (1,291) |
10,964 (1,092) |
Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) |
||||||||||
Horizontal Fingers |
||||||||||
MOR |
141.6 (15.8) |
58.4 (6.5) |
76.5 8.2) |
90.5 (5.3) |
67.6 (6.2) |
83.7 (9.3) |
97.4 (4.6) |
81.4 (6.9) |
92.9 (6.7) |
104.7 (5.0) |
MOE |
12,141 (1,678) |
11,819 (1,021) |
11,337 (694) |
11,932 (941) |
10,632 (1,181) |
11,205 (861) |
12,795 (898) |
10,559 (1,057) |
10,519 (930) |
11,476 (1,151) |
Vertical Fingers |
||||||||||
MOR |
141.6 (15.8) |
55.9 (4.0) |
85.2 (3.6) |
90.1 (7.6) |
76.7 (5.5) |
90.5 (7.7) |
99.4 (4.5) |
86.1 (8.1) |
98.5 (4.3) |
107.4 (5.7) |
MOE |
12,141 (1,678) |
12,324 (928) |
11,418 (912) |
12,596 (825) |
11,302 (1,546) |
11,752 (967) |
11,724 (1,004) |
10,419 (993) |
10,975 (982) |
11,196 (1,190) |
*
Mean values of 15 samples and standard deviation in parenthesis
Modulus of rupture
As it can be seen in Table 1, MOR values of the
jointed specimens affected by the wood species, the type of glue, the finger
length and the finger orientation.
MOR values of the hungarian oak specimens
fluctuated from 52,9 up to 112.1 N/mm2, which correspond to a
percentage level of 40,8 up to 86,6 % of the mean values of the solid wood
(129.5 N/mm2). MOR values of the turkey oak specimens fluctuated
from 44.1 up to 103.6 N/mm2, which correspond to a percentage level
of 32.9 up to 77.3 % of the solid wood (134.0 N/mm2). MOR values of
the holm oak specimens fluctuated from 55.9 up to 107.4 N/mm2, which
correspond to a percentage level of 39.5 up to 75.8 % of the solid wood (141.6
N/mm2).
The most effective connections appeared on the
hungarian oak specimens. For the specimens with 4 mm finger lengths, holm oak
specimens are seemed to be more resistant than the turkey oak specimens. In
this case, MOR values of the finger jointed holm oak specimens correspond to a
percentage level from 39.5 up to 63.6 % in regard to the solid holm wood, whilst
the finger jointed turkey oak specimens correspond to a percentage level from
32.9 up to 62.5 % in regard to the solid turkey oak wood. The previous effect
also exists for the glued with D1 type of glue specimens with 10 and 15 mm
finger lengths. On the contrary, turkey oak specimens glued with D2 and D3 type
of glue with 10 and 15 mm finger lengths are seemed to be more resistant than
the holm oak specimens corresponding to the solid woods.
Effect
of the PVAc durability class on MOR
The higher MOR values appeared on the specimens
glued with D3 type of glue, the lower on the specimens glued with D1 type and
the specimens glued with D2 type showed intermediate values. The change of the
type of glue from D1 to D2 caused higher increase in MOR values than the
corresponding change from D2 to D3.
For the hungarian oak specimens the increase in
MOR values by changing the type of glue from D1 type to D2, fluctuated from
28.3 % (for the specimens with 4 mm finger length in horizontal orientation) up
to 38.61 % (for the specimens with 10 mm finger length in the same
orientation). Correspondingly, the change of the glue type from D2 to D3 caused
an increase in MOR values that flactuated from 2,0 % (for the specimens with 15
mm finger length in vertical orientation) up to 23.97 % (for the specimens with
4 mm finger length in the same orientation).
For the turkey oak specimens the increase in
MOR values by changing the type of glue from D1 type to D2, fluctuated from
24.78 % (for the specimens with 10 mm finger length in vertical orientation) up
to 36.82 % (for the specimens with 10 mm finger length in horizontal
orientation). Correspondingly, the change of the glue type from D2 to D3 caused
an increase in MOR values that flactuated from 5.93 % (for the specimens with
15 mm finger length in horizontal orientation) up to 22.37 % (for the specimens
with 4 mm finger length in the same orientation).
For the holm oak specimens the increase in MOR
values by changing the type of glue from D1 type to D2, fluctuated from 14.13 %
(for the specimens with 15 mm finger length in horizontal orientation) up to
52.42 % (for the specimens with 4 mm finger length in vertical orientation).
Correspondingly, the change of the glue type from D2 to D3 caused an increase
in MOR values that flactuated from 5.75 % (for the specimens with 4 mm finger
length in vertical orientation) up to 18.30 % (for the specimens with the same
finger length in horizontal orientation).
Effect
of finger length on MOR
In all cases, the increase of finger length
from 4 mm to 10 mm and 15 mm caused an increase in mean MOR values. This effect
was more intense for the specimens glued with D1 and D2 type of glue.
For the hungarian oak specimens the increase in
finger length from 4 to 10 and 15 mm caused an increase in MOR values, which
flactuated from 4.62 up to 25.39 %. In most cases the increase of the finger
length from 4 to 10 mm caused a higher increase in MOR values than the increase
of the finger length from 10 to 15 mm. In the first case the increase fluctuated
from 15.10 % (for the specimens glued with D1 type of glue in horizontal
orientation) up to 25.39 % (for the specimens glued with D2 type of glue in
vertical orientation) and in the second from 4.62 % (for the specimens glued
with D3 type of glue in horizontal orientation) up to 25.39 % (for the
specimens glued with D2 type of glue in vertical orientation).
For the turkey oak specimens the increase in
finger length from 4 to 10 and 15 mm caused an increase in MOR values, which
flactuated from 5.30 up to 38.59 %. In all cases the increase of the finger
length from 4 to 10 mm caused a higher increase in MOR values than the increase
of the finger length from 10 to 15 mm. In the first case, the increase
fluctuated from 16.97 % (for the specimens glued with D3 type of glue in
horizontal orientation) up to 38.5 % (for the specimens glued with D1 type of
glue in both orientations) and in the second from 5.30 % (for the specimens
glued with D3 type of glue in vertical orientation) up to 25.2 % (for the
specimens glued with D1 type of glue in horizontal orientation).
For the holm oak specimens the increase in
finger length from 4 to 10 and 15 mm caused an increase in MOR values, which
flactuated from 6.22 up to 37.21 %. The increase in MOR values by the increment
of the finger length from 4 to 10 mm, fluctuated from 6.22 % (for the specimens
glued with D2 type of glue in vertical orientation) up to 37.21 % (for the
specimens glued with D1 type of glue in the same orientation). Correspondingly,
the increase in MOR values by the increment of the finger length from 10 to 15
mm, fluctuated from 7.49 % (for the specimens glued with D3 type of glue in
horizontal orientation) up to 20.41 % (for the specimens glued with D1 type of
glue in the same orientation).
Effect
of finger orientation on MOR
MOR values affected partly by the finger
orientation.
Finger jointed specimens of the hungarian oak
in horizontal orientation and with 4 and 10 mm fingers, showed higher MOR
values than the specimens in vertical orientation. The opposite effect appeared
for the specimens with 15 mm finger length.
In the case of the turkey oak finger jointed
specimens, finger orientation did not affect significantly MOR values.
Specimens in vertical orientation appeared higher MOR values (12.2 %) in the
case of the glued with D1 type of glue and with 4 and 10 mm finger length.
Finger orientation did not affect holm oak
specimens glued with D3 type of glue. Specimens in vertical orientation
appeared higher MOR values (from 6 up to 11.37 %) in the case of the glued with
D2 type of glue. The same effect appeared also in the glued with D1 type of
glue specimens with finger lengths 10 and 15 mm.
Modulus of elasticity
As we can see in Table 1, MOE values
of all the jointed specimens studied ranked from 8,230 up to 15,572 N/mm2,
not affected by finger jointing and ranged in the same level values of the
control solid wood, in all three species.
MOE values of the hungarian oak specimens
fluctuated from 9,456 up to 15,572 N/mm2, which correspond to a
percentage level of 70.1 up to 115.4 % of the solid wood (13,492 N/mm2).
MOΕ values of the
turkey oak specimens fluctuated from 8,230 up to 11,464 N/mm2, which
correspond to a percentage level of 67.1 up to 93.4 % of the solid wood (12,268
N/mm2). MOΕ
values of the holm oak specimens fluctuated from 10,419 up to 12,795 N/mm2,
which correspond to a percentage level of 85.8 up to 105.4 % of the solid wood
(12.141 N/mm2).
Effect
of the PVAc durability class on MOE
The hungarian oak specimens glued
with D2 type of glue appeared higher MOE values than the specimens glued with
D1 type. Also, the specimens glued with D2 and D3 type of glue appeared MOE
values more or less the same compared with the solid wood.
The turkey oak specimens with 10 mm
finger length appeared the higher MOE values on the glued with D3 type of glue
specimens, the lower on the glued with D1, and with intermediate values on the
specimens glued with D2 type.
The holm oak specimens glued with D3
type of glue appeared higher MOE values than the specimens glued with D2 type.
Effect
of the finger length on MOE
The hungarian oak specimens with 15 mm finger
length appeared higher MOE values than the specimens with 10 mm. For the turkey
oak specimens the higher the finger length, the higher the MOE values. The
opposite effect appeared for the holm oak specimens on which the higher the
finger length of the specimens the lower their MOE values.
Effect
of the finger orientation on MOE
The hungarian oak specimens with 4 and 10 mm finger
length appeared higher MOE values in horizontal orientation than the specimens
in vertical orientation. The adverse effect appeared on the specimens with 15
mm finger length.
The turkey oak specimens with 4 mm finger
length in vertical orientation appeared in most cases higher MOE values than
the specimens in horizontal orientation.
The holm oak specimens with 4 mm finger length
in horizontal orientation appeared higher MOE values than the specimens in
vertical orientation.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on this study, the following conclusions
could be drawn for the examined oakwoods.
·
MOR
values of the finger jointed hungarian oak specimens fluctuated from 52,9 up to
112.1 N/mm2, which correspond to a percentage level of 40,8 up to
86,6 % of the mean values of the solid wood (129.5 N/mm2). The
higher MOR values of the finger jointed specimens from turkey and holm oak
correspond to a percentage level of 77,3 and 75,8 % compared to the mean values
of the solid woods.
·
The
most effective finger jointed connections appeared in the hungarian oak wood
specimens.
·
The
increase of finger length from 4 mm to 10 mm and 15 mm caused an increase in
mean MOR values.
·
The
higher MOR values appeared on the specimens glued with D3 type of glue, the
lower on the specimens glued with D1 type and the specimens glued with D2 type
showed intermediate values.
·
MOR
values affected partly by the finger orientation.
·
Modulus
of elasticity (MOE) of all the joints studied was not affected by finger
jointing and ranged in the same level values of the control solid wood, in all
three species.
LITERATURE
DIN 52186: 1978. Testing of wood: bending test. Deutsches Institut fuer Normung.
EN 385: 2001. Finger jointed structural timber -
Performance requirements and minimum production requirements. European
Committee for Standardization. B-1050 Brussels.
ISO 10983: 1999. Timber structures - solid timber finger-jointing - Production
requirements. International Organization for Standardization. CH-1211 Genève 20. Switzerland.
Jokerst, R.W. 1981.
Finger-jointed wood products. United States Department of Agriculture. Forest
Service. Research Paper FPL 382.
Madison Wis.: Forest Products Laboratory. pp. 24.
Hwang, G. S and J.C. Hsiung. 2001. Study of finger-joints and laminations
of compressed wood. Taiwan J For Sci 16 (4): 275-283, 2001.
Koch, P.
(1972). Utilisation of the southern pines. Vol. 2 Conversion. Washington Southern Forest Experiment Station. pp 1164-1174.
Ministry of Agriculture. 1992. Results of the first national forest inventory. General Secretary
for Forests and Natural Environment, Athens, Greece, 1992.
Nestic, R. and R. Milner 1993. The use of laminating technology to overcome shortages of large sections of solid timber. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 13 (2): 380-386.
Pena, M.M.G. 1999.
The mechanical performance of non structural finger joints using European oak
and beech. M.Sc Thesis. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University
of Wales, Bangor. pp. 114.
River, B.H. 1994.
Fracture of adhesive-bonded wood joints. Pizzi, A. and Mittal, K.L. eds.
Handbook of adhesive technology. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp 151-177.
Sellers, T.Jr., J.R.Mcsween and W.T.Nearn. 1988. Gluing of Eastern Hardwoods: A Review. USDA
Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. GTR SO071. pp.31.
Stamou, N. 2001. Marketing of wood products. Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, p. 269, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2001.
Walker, F., Butterfield, G., Langrish, G., Harris, M. and M. Uprichard 1993. Primary wood processing,
principles and practice. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 369-374.